CASMOFOR - CArbon Sequestration MOdel for FORestations

Pool	Balance equation (BE), fluxes (IN and OUT), or other equations	Equations, variables and parameters (pools and processes (in one-year steps) are in terms of tC)
Above- ground woody biomass	BE	Above-ground woody biomass = above-ground woody biomass_t-1 + woody increment – mortality – thinnings - final cuttings AGWB_t = AGWB_t-1 + CAIC – M – TH – FC
	Flux IN	current annual increment of above-ground woody biomass = current annual increment (of tree volume) * wood density * carbon content of wood *CAIC = CAI d * cf** d = weight of oven-dry biomass / volume of fresh wood (at the stand level), tdm m^-3 cf = carbon fraction of (oven dry) wood
		mortality = above-ground woody biomass_t-1 * (density dependent mortality ratio + density independent mortality ratio) *M = AGWB_t-1 (ddm + dim)** ddm: sepcies dependent dim: randomly generated ddm + dim <= 0,4
		thinnings = above-ground woody biomass_t-1 * thinning ratio *TH = AGWB_t-1 thr** Thr = species specific, depends on age and yield class
		final cuttings = above-ground woody biomass_t-1 of stands of rotation age FC = AGWB_t-1 of stands of rotation age (final cutting is supposed to take place at the beginning of the year, and is immediately followed by regeneration) Rotation age: species specific, depends on yield class
Dead wood	BE	dead wood = dead wood_t-1 + deadwood increment - decomposition of (i.e., emission from) decomposable dead wood DW_t = DW_t-1 + DWI – EW
		increase of deadwood = (mortality + thinnings * (1 – wood product part of thinning – fuelwood part of thinning) + final cuttings* (1 - wood product part of final cutting – fuelwood part of final cutting) )* (1 - non-decomposable fraction) *DWI = [M + TH (1 – wpTH – fpTH) + FC * (1 – wpFC – fpFC)] * (1-ndf)**
	Flux OUT	emission due to decomposition of deadwood = dead wood_t-i * (1-exp(-k_DW)) + deadwood increment * (k_DW - 1 + exp(-k_DW)) / k_DW where k_DW = ln(2) / half life time of deadwood *EW = DW_t-i (1-exp(-k_DW)) + DWI * (k_DW - 1 + exp(-k_DW) / k_DW**
	Flux to SINK	Non decomposable dead wood fraction = (M + TH – non-productTH * FC – non-productFC) * ndf **UWI = (M + TH – non-productTH FC – non-productFC) * ndf***
Leaves	BE	amount of (living) leaves at the end of year = amount of leaves at the end of previous year + increment due to tree growth – decomposable leaf loss due to harvest and mortality – undecomposable leaf loss due to harvest and mortality *LL_t = LL_t-1 + LI – DLI – DLI ndf / (1 - ndf)**
	Flux IN	increment of leaves = aboveground woody biomass increment * (leaf increment/AG woody biomass increment) *LI = CAIC increment ratio**
		amount of decomposable leaves that die in year (due to harvest and within year and end-of-year leaf mortality) = [(leaves_t-1 + increment of leaves) * non-living/living + (leaves_t-1 + increment of leaves) * non-living/living * (1-non-living/living) * fraction of leaves dying and falling at the end of year)] * (1 - non-decomposable fraction) *DLI = [(LL_t-1 + LI) nll + (LL_t-1 +LI) * (1 - nll) * fdlleaves] * (1-ndf)** fdlleaves: species specific (broadleaves: 1; conifers: <1)
		non-living/living biomass ratio = increase of deadwood / aboveground woody biomass of the previous year nll = DWI/AGWB_t-1
	Flux to SINK	Non decomposable fraction = amount of leaves that become decomposable dead * ndf/(1-ndf) ULI = DLI ndf / (1-ndf)*
Dead leaves	BE	dead decomposable leaves = dead decomposable leaves_t-1 + amount of decomposable leaves that die in year – decomposition of dead leaves DL_t = DL_t-1 + DLI – EL
Dead leaves	Flux OUT	emission due to decomposition of dead leaves = dead leaves_t-i * (1-exp(-k_DL)) + amount of decomposable leaves that die in year * (k_DL - 1 + exp(-k_DL)) / k_DL where k_DL = ln(2) / half life time of dead leaves *EL = DL_t-i (1-exp(-k_DL)) + DLI * (k_DL - 1 + exp(-k_DL) / k_D**_L
Roots (below ground biomass)	BE	Roots at the end of year = Roots_t-1 + increase of root biomass – amount of decomposable roots that die in year – amount of undecomposable dead root that die in year *R_t = R_t-1 + RI – DRI – DRI ndf / (1-ndf)**
	Flux IN	increase of root biomass = current annual woody increment * (root-to-shoot ratio) *RI = CAIC rts**
		Decomposable dead roots increment = = [(Root biomass_t-1 + increase of root biomass ) * (non-living/living) + (increase of root biomasss ) * (1 - non-living/living) * Fraction of roots of trees (relative to root increment) that dies at the end of year ] * (1 – non decomposable fraction) *DRI = [(R_t-1 + RI) nll + (LI_t-1 + LRI) * (1-nll) * fdlroots] * (1-ndf)**
	Flux to SINK	Non decomposable dead root biomass increment = decomposable dead roots increment * ndf/(1-ndf) *URI = DRI ndf/(1-ndf)**
Dead Roots	BE	Dead decomposable roots at the end of year = carbon in dead decomposable roots_t-1 + total decomposable dead roots increment – decomposition of (i.e., emission from) decomposable dead roots DR_t = DR_t-1 + DRI – ER
Dead Roots	Flux OUT	emission due to decomposition of dead roots = carbon in dead decomposable roots_t-i * (1-exp(-k_DR)) + total decomposable dead roots increment * (k_DR - 1 + exp(-k_DR)) / k_DRwhere k_DR = ln(2) / half life time of dead roots *ER = DR_t-i (1-exp(-k_DR)) + DRI * (k_DR - 1 + exp(-k_DR) / k_D**_R
Wood products	BE	Wood products = Wood products_t-1 + wood product increment – wood products becoming unused WP = WP_t-1 + WPI – EUUWP – UWPF
		wood products increment = (timber from clearcut + timber from thinnings) * (1 – lost part) (the increment, as well as pools, flux out and other calculations are split into three factions, using appropriate parameters: paper, wood based panels and sawnwood-based wood products, as in the IPCC KP Supplement) *WPI = [FC used part * (1-fuelwood part) + TH * used part(t) * (1-fuelwood part(t)] * (1 - lost part)**
		wood products becoming unused = wood products increment X years before WPU = WPI_t-i X: mean life time of wood product (species specific)
	Flux OUT	emission due to decomposition of wood products = unburnt * (carbon in wood products_t-i * (1-exp(-k_WP)) + total decomposable dead roots increment * (k_WP - 1 + exp(-k_WP)) / k_WP) where k_WP = ln(2) / half life time of wood products (different for paper, wood based panels and sawnwood-based wood products, as in the IPCC KP Supplement) *EUUWP = WPU_t-i (1-exp(-k_WP)) + WPI * (k_WP - 1 + exp(-k_WP) / k**_WP
Fuelwood	BE	Fuelwood = fuelwood_t-1 + fuelwood increment from harvest + loss in wood processing + unused wood products becoming fuelwood – emission from firewood FW = FW_t-1 + FWI + LWP + UWPF – EFW
		Fuelwood increment from harvests = fuelwood from clearcut + fuelwood from thinning *FWI = FC used part * fuelwood part + TH * used part_t* fuelwood part_t**
		Loss in wood processing = wood product increment * lost part / (1 – lost part) *LWP = WPI lost part / (1 – lost part)**
		Wood product becoming fuelwood = wood products becoming unused_t-1 * unburnt fraction *UWPF = WPU_t-1 unburnt**
	Flux OUT	emission from burning firewood = avoiding fossil fuel burning = fuelwood carbon_t-1 * (1-unburnable fraction) *EFW = FW_t-1 (1-unburn)**
	Flux to Sink	Unburnable fuelwood = fuelwood_t-1 * unburnable fraction *UFWI = FW_t-1 unburn**
Soil	BE	soil = soil_t-1 + net flux to sink – loss due to afforestation and regeneration operations – loss due to afforesting grasslands S = S_t-1 + FS – CLO – GAL (Net flux to sink, which includes soil respiration, and loss due to afforesting grasslands are only calculated for 75 years after afforestations. After that time, net flux to sink is supposed to be zero, i.e. transfer of carbon from other compartments to soil is equal to soil respiration, and no more losses are supposed to take place due to converting grassland to forest.)
		carbon loss due to afforestation operations = afforestation area * area specific loss *CLO = A asl** asl: to be specified by the user
		carbon loss due to afforesting grasslands = afforestation area * percent of area of grassland * time-dependent difference of carbon stock between cropland and grassland *GAL = A glp * diff_CL_GL** glp: to be specified by the user diff_CL_GL: values are taken from a country-specific equation
	Flux to SINK	Flux to permanent sink = total amount of dead organic matter becoming undecomposable and unburnt = undecomposable dead leaves pool + undecomposable dead roots + undecomposable dead wood + unburnable fraction of firewood FS = ULI + URI + UWI + UFWI